當前(qian)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)以其維護工作量(liang)小(xiao)、穩定性(xing)高(gao)且利(li)于城(cheng)(cheng)市美化等優點，在城(cheng)(cheng)市配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設及改造中(zhong)得到(dao)越來越廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。但另一方面，因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)工程(cheng)屬于隱蔽工程(cheng)，加上(shang)施工距(ju)離長、跨度(du)大、故(gu)障(zhang)幾(ji)率高(gao)，導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)處理異常(chang)繁雜，因此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敷設就(jiu)顯(xian)得極為重(zhong)要。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設工程(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞不僅影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益，更直接(jie)關(guan)系(xi)到(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)生產生活(huo)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全穩定運行(xing)，基于此(ci)，筆者(zhe)結合實際經(jing)驗(yan)，就(jiu)城(cheng)(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工技術相關(guan)問題進行(xing)探討。

　　1　電力(li)電纜(lan)分類

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)種類繁(fan)多，從材料(liao)劃(hua)分，包括(kuo)油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、聚合物絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)等(deng)。近些(xie)年隨著城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的不(bu)斷(duan)改(gai)造(zao)，交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)烯(XLPE)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)成為(wei)主(zhu)流(liu)(liu)產品，據不(bu)完全統計，己投入運行的XLPE電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)達500000km之(zhi)多。而在國外(wai)一些(xie)高壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)(liu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路特(te)別是(shi)海底(di)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路中，油浸(jin)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)運用(yong)較多。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)劃(hua)分，包括(kuo)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、中低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、超高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、特(te)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)等(deng)。從結構上劃(hua)分，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)帶鎧(kai)及不(bu)帶鎧(kai)兩種，其(qi)中，帶鎧(kai)的又可分為(wei)鋼帶和鋼絲構成，鋼帶鎧(kai)裝主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)直埋(mai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，其(qi)作用(yong)主(zhu)要為(wei)抵抗外(wai)界壓(ya)(ya)力，不(bu)帶鎧(kai)的主(zhu)要運用(yong)于(yu)戶內有(you)良(liang)好防(fang)護的地方。

　　2　電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜敷設方式

　　電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)工程敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)方式(shi)的(de)選擇應(ying)結(jie)合工程的(de)環(huan)境特點、條件(jian)以(yi)及電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)類型、數量等因素綜合確定，并嚴格遵(zun)循運行可靠、便于維(wei)護的(de)要求(qiu)及經濟技術(shu)合理的(de)原(yuan)則。總的(de)來說，敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)方式(shi)主(zhu)要有如(ru)下(xia)幾種，即直埋敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)、排管(guan)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)、電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)溝敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)、隧道敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)、水(shui)下(xia)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)以(yi)及上述方式(shi)交互結(jie)合的(de)方式(shi)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)，具體(ti)的(de)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)方法包(bao)括人力敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)及機械敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)兩(liang)種。依照筆者經驗，當前(qian)我國(guo)城鎮(zhen)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)線路的(de)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)方式(shi)主(zhu)要采用直埋敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)、排管(guan)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)及電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)溝敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)，各(ge)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)方式(shi)的(de)優缺點及施(shi)工要點具體(ti)如(ru)下(xia)：

　　2.1　直(zhi)埋敷設

　　該(gai)敷設(she)(she)方(fang)式(shi)具(ju)有(you)土(tu)建(jian)工(gong)程量少、施(shi)工(gong)周(zhou)期短(duan)、散熱條件(jian)好、節省投資等顯著優點(dian)，因此被廣為采用，缺點(dian)是電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)容(rong)易遭受機械性外力(li)損(sun)(sun)傷、經常受到(dao)周(zhou)圍上壤(rang)的(de)(de)化學(xue)腐蝕(shi)、不易查(cha)找(zhao)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)、處理電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)或(huo)更(geng)換電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(特(te)別是電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)路徑硬化條件(jian)下)困難。在采用該(gai)方(fang)式(shi)時(shi)，施(shi)工(gong)前(qian)應(ying)按設(she)(she)計圖(tu)要(yao)求進(jin)行現(xian)場實(shi)地(di)勘(kan)查(cha)，畫出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)走向圖(tu)，盡量避開高溫地(di)段和帶有(you)化學(xue)物質的(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)。電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)的(de)(de)深(shen)度一(yi)般(ban)應(ying)大于(yu)0.7m，位(wei)(wei)于(yu)行車道時(shi)，應(ying)適當加深(shen)至1m以(yi)上。直(zhi)(zhi)埋敷設(she)(she)前(qian)壕溝里沿電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)上下應(ying)鋪(pu)100mm厚(hou)的(de)(de)細砂層，再蓋(gai)以(yi)混凝土(tu)保護板，其(qi)寬度應(ying)超出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)直(zhi)(zhi)徑兩側各50mm。回填(tian)至溝深(shen)的(de)(de)一(yi)半時(shi)，宜鋪(pu)一(yi)層帶警示標志(zhi)的(de)(de)彩條布，回填(tian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)溝時(shi)要(yao)逐層夯實(shi)，以(yi)防(fang)下陷(xian)。回填(tian)完成后(hou)，應(ying)在電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)轉(zhuan)彎(wan)處、中(zhong)間接(jie)頭處、與其(qi)他管線(xian)交叉(cha)處等特(te)殊(shu)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)放(fang)置(zhi)明顯的(de)(de)方(fang)位(wei)(wei)標志(zhi)及標樁，以(yi)增強防(fang)止外力(li)破壞能(neng)力(li)。直(zhi)(zhi)埋電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)長(chang)度除考慮在制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)終端頭有(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)長(chang)度外，還要(yao)留有(you)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)全(quan)長(chang)0.5%～1%的(de)(de)備用長(chang)度并作(zuo)(zuo)波形敷設(she)(she)或(huo)設(she)(she)專門(men)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)井進(jin)行盤放(fang)。地(di)下并列敷設(she)(she)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)間凈距須(xu)滿(man)足(zu)規(gui)范(fan)規(gui)定的(de)(de)距離，中(zhong)間接(jie)頭的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)須(xu)互相錯(cuo)開，防(fang)止接(jie)頭事故(gu)(gu)時(shi)損(sun)(sun)傷其(qi)他接(jie)頭。

　　2.2　電纜(lan)溝敷設(she)

　　該(gai)法優點是施(shi)工(gong)簡單，但占用(yong)(yong)地(di)下空間大、溝內(nei)容易積(ji)水、積(ji)污、且不易潔除，散熱條件差(cha)，影響載流量，在重要地(di)段流板承壓(ya)(ya)要求高(gao)，土建工(gong)程造價高(gao)。采用(yong)(yong)該(gai)方式，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)溝內(nei)預埋金屬支(zhi)架(jia)時，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)支(zhi)架(jia)應(ying)安裝牢(lao)固(gu)，橫平豎直。電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)多(duo)時可(ke)在兩(liang)側都預埋支(zhi)架(jia)。若電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)非常(chang)多(duo)，則(ze)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)隧道敷設。同時，應(ying)盡可(ke)能(neng)地(di)將低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)與(yu)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)分(fen)開設置(zhi)在電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)溝內(nei)支(zhi)架(jia)的兩(liang)側，控制電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)也盡可(ke)能(neng)分(fen)開設置(zhi)在電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)溝支(zhi)架(jia)的兩(liang)側。若只能(neng)在同一側時，應(ying)遵守高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、控制電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、信號(hao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)在支(zhi)架(jia)上(shang)從上(shang)至(zhi)下排(pai)列的原則(ze)，金屬支(zhi)架(jia)間距(ju)為1m。

　　2.3　排管敷(fu)設

　　該法優點是(shi)施工簡(jian)單，投資省，檢修(xiu)更換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)方便(bian)(bian)，可(ke)提前預(yu)埋在同(tong)路徑(jing)陸續敷(fu)設(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)或更換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)時(shi)不(bu)(bu)必開(kai)挖(wa)道路，還可(ke)避(bi)免(mian)地下其他管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線(xian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，缺點是(shi)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)接失(shi)發(fa)生故障時(shi)需(xu)更換(huan)相鄰工井(jing)問的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)根電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)該方式時(shi)，應注意如下問題(ti)：排(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)徑(jing)不(bu)(bu)應小于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)外徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)1.5倍，埋深應在地下0.5m以下，排(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)向工作井(jing)方向應有(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)于0.2%的(de)(de)(de)坡度，為(wei)(wei)(wei)良好(hao)散熱，排(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)間應有(you)20mm的(de)(de)(de)間隙。敷(fu)設(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)時(shi)，排(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口應打磨圓(yuan)滑，清(qing)理(li)干凈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)雜(za)物(wu)，以免(mian)劃傷(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)方便(bian)(bian)檢查及維(wei)修(xiu)，在排(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)轉彎處、分歧處、排(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)終端及直線(xian)段每隔75m處需(xu)設(she)(she)置工作井(jing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)接頭均應設(she)(she)在井(jing)內(nei)。選做穿管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材(cai)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)塑(su)料、石(shi)棉或水泥管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等。較常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)塑(su)料管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)方便(bian)(bian)投入運(yun)行后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)散熱，選用(yong)(yong)塑(su)料管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材(cai)時(shi)切忌(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)熱阻系(xi)數(shu)較大的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材(cai)，而應選抗沖擊性能(neng)好(hao)、承壓能(neng)力(li)較強的(de)(de)(de)。根據運(yun)行經驗，筆者認為(wei)(wei)(wei)城鎮內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)應盡量不(bu)(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)直埋和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)溝(gou)敷(fu)設(she)(she)方式，而以施工簡(jian)單，投資省、檢修(xiu)方便(bian)(bian)、可(ke)提前預(yu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)方式為(wei)(wei)(wei)宜。